Background: The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as an angiogenic cytokine, binds endothelial cell receptors and stimulates angiogenesis and COLLATERAL formation. We evaluated the association between VEGF plasma levels and the gene polymorphism rs699947 and the formation of coronary COLLATERALs in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: A total of 195 patients with ≥ 70% narrowing in at least 1 coronary VESSEL (according to coronary angiography) were included in the study. The presence of the rs699947 polymorphism within the promoter of the VEGF gene was investigated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The plasma VEGF concentration was quantified via the ELISA method. The Rentrop method was used to grade the extent of COLLATERAL development. Results: There was no significant difference in VEGF levels between the groups with good and poor COLLATERALs. The frequency of the A allele of rs699947 was found to be higher in the patients with good COLLATERALs than in those with poor COLLATERALs (P=0. 014). The odds ratio of good COLLATERALs for AA was 2. 67 (P=0. 025) when compared with the CC genotype. Further, our additive model revealed an association between the rs699947 polymorphism and COLLATERAL formation (OR: 1. 96, 95% CI: 1. 05– 3. 65, P=0. 033). Conclusion: The rs699947 polymorphism might be a novel genetic factor affecting COLLATERAL development in Iranian patients with coronary artery disease.

Suspension as one of the issues related to the contracts is accepted in the current legal system And even can consider the validity of suspended contracts in accordance with the rule and mention to the rules under the title of "suspendable rule of contracts". However, doubts have been raised by jurists and lawyers about the fact that COLLATERAL contracts as one of the types of known contracts in the current legal system are suspendable or not. Some scholars argue that there is no way to suspend a COLLATERAL contracts and they have cited reasons for justifying their opinion. In contrast, others believe that suspension, like other contracts, also applies to this category of contracts. Because the basic rule is that contracts can be suspended and the view that the suspension of the COLLATERAL is not correct is contrary to the principle, in this paper, the author's attempt will be to consider the reasons given by the opposition to suspend the permission of the COLLATERAL contract and examine them with an analytical view to determine their accuracy.

Background and objective: The circle of Willis (COW) supports adequate blood supply to the brain. The cardiovascular system, in the current study, is modeled using an equivalent electronic system focusing on the COW.Method: In our previous study we used 42 compartments to model whole cardiovascular system. In the current study, nevertheless, we extended our model by using 63 compartments to model whole CS. Each cardiovascular artery is modeled using electrical elements, including resistor, capacitor, and inductor. The MATLAB Simulink software is used to obtain the left and right ventricles pressure as well as pressure distribution at efferent arteries of the circle of Willis. Firstly, the normal operation of the system is shown and then the stenosis of cerebral arteries is induced in the circuit and, consequently, the effects are studied.Results: In the normal condition, the difference between pressure distribution of right and left efferent arteries (left and right ACA–A2, left and right MCA, left and right PCA–P2) is calculated to indicate the effect of anatomical difference between left and right sides of supplying arteries of the COW. In stenosis cases, the effect of internal carotid artery occlusion on efferent arteries pressure is investigated. The modeling results are verified by comparing to the clinical observation reported in the literature.Conclusion: We believe the presented model is a useful tool for representing the normal operation of the cardiovascular system and study of the pathologies.

Background and purpose: Aim of this research is to study the effect of bridging COLLATERAL VESSELs (BCVS) on the success of coronary angioplasty in patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO). In coronary angioplasty of CTO cases, categorizing of lessions characteristics can be helpful in evaluation of success in angioplasty. There are controversies about the role of BCVS in the rate of angioplasty success in OTC cases.Materials and methods: Seventy seven patients with angioplasty done in CTO lesions were selected for study, and divided in two groups. In the first group comprising of 97 patients, there was BCVS, and the second group (50 patients) had no BCVS.Results: Success was achieved in 11 patients from Group II (40.7% vs 82% p=0.0002 with relative risk of 3.9, and confidence interval of 95%, (1.7 to 6.4). Of 52 patients with successful angioplasty, rate of success with estimation of less than three months occlusion was more in patients with occlusion for more than three months (63.5% vs 47.5%), p=0.0001 and relative risk of 1.8, with confidence interval of 95%, (1.3 to 2.6). Presence of a side branch at the distance of ≥ 2mm to the occlusion point has been one of the predictor factors for unsuccessful angioplasty (p=0.0007, relative risk 2.9, with confidence interval of 95%, (1.5 to 5.6).Conclusion: Presence of some morphological variables in CTO during angioplasty of coronary VESSELs may be helpful in guiding successful angioplasty. One of them is presence of BCVS which seems to have inverse relation to the rate of successful angioplasty.

In the presence of aortoiliac occlusive peripheral artery disease (AIOPAD), which can cause significant mortality and morbidity when untreated, . . .